Rape and slavery was common practice among the Bantu colonists. In other words, most sub-Saharan Africans today are descended from Bantus, who are, historically, a genocidal conqueror race rather like the Yamnayas-Aryans of Eurasia. In 1884, it was agreed among European powers that all expansion into Africa would be by treaty with local, indigenous authority. The outlines of the fourth stage can be established very largely from traditional evidence. Factors that support claims of genocide include the confiscation not just of grain crops, that were needed to feed a growing industrial army, but also the confiscation of all foodstuffs, including livestock and domestic animals. The phenomenon was known as the Mfecane, or Difaqane, or the Scattering. Numerous individual countries, however, twenty-nine in total, including forty-eight states within the United States, classify what took place as genocide. Bantu Expansion - African Studies - Oxford Bibliographies - obo 277.Google Scholar, 20 Oliver, R., Discernible developments in the interior, c. 15001840, in R. Oliver and G. Mathew, History of East Africa, I (1963), 194204.Google Scholar, 21 The position in April 1965 was summarized by Dr Brian Fagan in an unpublished paper entitled Iron Age radiocarbon dates in sub-Saharan Africa, presented to the African History Seminar at the School of Oriental and African Studies.Google Scholar, 22 Fagan, Brian, Southern Africa, 949.Google Scholar. 24 Theal, G. M., Records of South-East Africa (Capetown, 18981903), vols. The Problem of the Bantu Expansion | The Journal of African History The primary evidence for this expansion is linguistic a great many of the languages which are spoken across sub-Equatorial Africa are remarkably similar to each other, suggesting the common cultural origin of their original speakers. Millions were killed and displaced, and it hasn't gotten much easier for them since. fall into the classification of genocide. In total, about 11.2 million people successfully crossed the India-West Pakistan border in different directions, mostly through the Punjab region. Almost immediately, as British officials handed over, Hindus in India began attacking and killing Muslims, and in Pakistan, vice versa. No genocide to date had been based so completely on myths, on hallucinations, on abstract, nonpragmatic ideology which was then executed by very rational, pragmatic means.. Prior to the arrival of Bantus in Southeast Africa, Cushitic-speaking peoples had migrated into the region from the Ethiopian Highlands and other more northerly areas. Of course what i have said may not be 100% but for better clarification pls ask a real historian. Other unreliable ethnic groups, such as Greeks and Assyrians, were also sucked into the maelstrom, and are now subject to separate genocide classifications. In many ways, it defined the British Empire. What Caused the Rwandan Genocide? - WorldAtlas Another stream of migration, having moved east by 3,000 years ago (1000BC), was creating a major new population center near the Great Lakes of East Africa, where a rich environment supported a dense population. Guerrilla warfare played a huge role in World War II. Hitler harnessed this anger and dissatisfaction and directed it at the Jews. 7 Fagan, Brian, Southern Africa (1965), 46.Google Scholar, 8 Cf. Under the rule of both Vladimir Lenin and Joseph Stalin, numerous document examples of unnatural mass deaths have been recorded. A characteristic feature of most AtlanticCongo languages, including almost all the Bantu languages except Swahili, is their use of tone. https://investigativegenetics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/2041-2223-1-6https://investigativegenetics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/2041-2223-1-6/tables/3. The position in April 1965 was summarized by Dr Brian Fagan in an unpublished paper entitled Iron Age radiocarbon dates in sub-Saharan Africa, presented to the African History Seminar at the School of Oriental and African Studies. The raw facts of the Irish Famine are quite simple. The name of the country was changed in 1976 to Democratic Kampuchea, and Pol Pot, or Brother Number One, declared the day of victory Year Zero as he set about building his Utopian republic. When they reached the Zulu shield-wall, they were so tightly bunched they could scarcely fight. Get your weekly fill of History Articles and Quizzes. The Khmer Rouge, or the Red Khmer, was a movement born out of the struggle against French colonization. Accompanying charcoal carbon-dated to 266 s.c. 120. The ideological underpinning of all of this was simply the Maoist principle of transforming Cambodia into rural and classless society, with a population consigned to labor on collectivized farms. The economic suffering of the German people that followed, and the rise of nationalism that this set in motion, created ideal circumstances for a merchant and banking class to attract the attention of a disposed population. As the genocide progressed, survival was determined simply by an individuals ability to do work on the collective farms. During their initial migration across most of Central, Eastern, and Southern Africa, which took place between . The Bantu first originated around the Benue-Cross rivers area in southeastern Nigeria and spread over Africa to the Zambia area. The young woman, whose name was Nandi, was, with ageless injustice, cast out to give birth to her illegitimate child in exile. and were massacred in great numbers by Dutch, British, and German settlers in acts of genocide (e.g. In terms of sheer numbers, it is probably the Holodomor, also known as the Ukrainian Genocide of 1932-33, that racked up the greatest score. In all probability, however, this was genocide, because it could not have been done without the expectation that death on a mass scale would be the result. No genocide to date had been based so completely on myths, on hallucinations, on abstract, nonpragmatic ideology which was then executed by very rational, pragmatic means.. Our books are available by subscription or purchase to libraries and institutions. In the 1840s, Ireland existed as part of Great Britain and Ireland, and as such, it was ruled directly from London by the British Government. Back on more familiar territory, the Armenian Genocide, also known as the Armenian Holocaust, has long been the subject of furious denial by the Turkish government. If you see Sign in through society site in the sign in pane within a journal: If you do not have a society account or have forgotten your username or password, please contact your society. The primary evidence for the Bantu Expansion is linguistic: the diffusion of Bantu languages throughout the continent. Even then Bantus aren't native to Tanzania. The story begins with a popular African tale. In total, about 11.2 million people successfully crossed the India-West Pakistan border in different directions, mostly through the Punjab region. Also Read: Most Blood-Soaked African Battles and Conflicts. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings. [35] Such processes of state-formation occurred with increasing frequency from the 16th century onward. The continent's best-known language dispersal is no doubt the so-called 'Bantu Expansion'. In South Africa, however, a more complex intermixing could have taken place.[31]. The mechanics of the Holocaust are now so universally understood that nothing can be added here. In terms of sheer numbers, it is probably the Holodomor, also known as the Ukrainian Genocide of 1932-33, that racked up the greatest score. Personal communication from Mr Fagg.Google Scholar, 14 Unless otherwise stated, all carbon dates are taken from the summaries published in the Journal of African History, II (1961), 1379, and IV (1963), 5278.Google Scholar, 15 Guthrie, Malcolm, loc. However, the US Ambassador to Constantinople, Henry Morgenthau Sr, was able to rouse the attention of the Woodrow Wilson administration, and an enormous amount of money and resource was eventually raised to help Armenian refugees affected by the crisis. The Atlantic-Congo family comprises a huge group of languages spread throughout Western, Central and Southern Africa. This authentication occurs automatically, and it is not possible to sign out of an IP authenticated account. View all Google Scholar citations Roberts, A. D. But new research from an international team casts doubt on this version of events. Remaining in Africa, we now shift our attention to an episode of colonial genocide that deeply scarred the legacy of the German colonization of Africa. Yet, was it all bloodshed and oppression? Was the Bantu Expansion really as brutal as suggested? Or was it a The dynamics of genocide are rooted in the complex colonial policies of the time. Muslim nationalists then began demanding a two-state solution, which neither the British nor nationalists like Mohandas Mahatma Gandhi particularly wanted. Also known as the Bantu conquest of Africa - 2,000 Years of Bantu supremacy, racism, conquest, genocide, rape, war, cannibalism and colonisation. Proto-Bantu speakers, a linguistic branch of the Niger-Congo language family, were concentrated in the region between modern-day Cameroon and Nigeria in West Africa. What area? 10 of the Most Heinous and Heartbreaking Genocides in History In 1966, Roland Oliver published an article presenting these correlations as a reasonable hypothesis.[17]. Other factors promoting state-formation were increased trade among African communities and with European and Arab traders on the coasts, technological innovations in economic activity, and new techniques in the political-spiritual ritualisation of royalty as the source of national strength and health. The definition of genocide is fluid enough for it to be very easily claimed, and no less easily rejected. Content may require purchase if you do not have access. There seems to be much more evidence for the Bantu Expansion than the Aryan 'Invasion' (quote marks because some suggest migration, some say invasion). In Killing Fields set up all over the country, confessions were solicited by torture, and execution immediately. Bantu people were in far greater numbers and pretty much absorbed most of these groups. This is a man that claims to debunk history yet, all does is whine and bitch about black people in his videos. Ethnic Armenian Christians, mainly living in what would today be modern Turkey, became subject to genocide as the old ruling Caliphate of the Ottoman Empire came under the more modernizing influence of the Young Turks. Irish Famine Memorial, Dublin Source: diktuo.org. The Ottoman Empire allied with the Central Powers during WWI, and, of course, the German defeat in that war brought the Ottoman Empire down with it. As usual, the argument is one of semantics. The Khmer Rouge, or the Red Khmer, was a movement born out of the struggle against French colonization. The Nazi extermination of the Jews, on the other hand, was strictly ideological and remained so until its conclusion. Bantu Genocide View source Bantu peoples is used as a general label for the 300-600 ethnic groups in Africa who speak Bantu languages. During that bitter period of modern Irish history between 1845 and 1849 approximately 1 million people died, and a million more emigrated. What followed was an extreme Maoist, Marxist-Leninist movement in Cambodia, and an extreme, and inexplicable antipathy towards intellectuals and professionals. The Zulu style of warfare was based on finely tuned tactics, relentless discipline and brutal, close-quarters combat. The rough chronology established on genealogical evidence has recently been confirmed by radiocarbon dates from Bigo, the earliest site identifiable in the dynastic tradition of the region.Google Scholar, 28 Verhulpen, E., Baluba et Balubaiss (Antwerp, 1939).Google Scholar, 29 Nenquin, J., Notes on some early pottery cultures in North Katanga, Journal of African History, IV (1963), 1932.CrossRefGoogle Scholar, 30 Clark, J. Desmond, The spread of food production in sub-Saharan Africa, Journal of African History, III (1962), 222;Google ScholarFagan, B., Southern Africa, 4851.Google Scholar, 31 Oliver, R., Discernible developments in the interior, c. 15001840, in R. Oliver and G. Mathew, History of East Africa, I (1963), 18091.Google Scholar. This response quickly escalated to orchestrated genocide, and was extended beyond the Herero to the neighboring Namaqua people, who were of Khoisan origin, and the San, or Bushmen as well. As the genocide progressed, survival was determined simply by an individuals ability to do work on the collective farms. After a hundred years, the genocide slowly continued, forced to servitude. There was, of course, a great deal of mercantile resistance, but the British government held firm. On Tuesday, August 14, 1947, Pakistan was proclaimed independent from Britain, and a day later, India followed suit. The Extinct "Ghost Modern" Race of Africa and the Bantu Expansion Genocide Routledge, London 2003. The scope of the Armenian genocide is usually defined as the physical extermination of Armenian Christians living within the geographic boundaries of the Ottoman Empire, between 1915 and 1916. No one need ever be reminded that the greatest and least disputed incidence of genocide in modern history was the systematic exterminations of Europes Jews by the Nazi regime of Adolf Hitler. What followed was an extreme Maoist, Marxist-Leninist movement in Cambodia, and an extreme, and inexplicable antipathy towards intellectuals and professionals. Nope, it was the English colonizers who killed the Khoisan or San people. 1968. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021853700006472, Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. With death and destruction occurring on such a vast scale, the relatively minor plight of a fringe minority of Turkish Christians attracted very little attention. Notes on some early pottery cultures in North Katanga, The spread of food production in sub-Saharan Africa. Based on dental evidence, Irish (2016) concluded that the common ancestors of Central African and Proto-Bantu peoples may have originated in the western Southern region of the Sahara, amid the Kiffian period at Gobero, and may have migrated southward, from the Sahara into various parts of central Africa (e.g. The Twa spend part of the year in the otherwise uninhabited region hunting game, trading for agricultural products with the farmers while they do so. Before the expansion of Bantu-speaking farmers, Central, Southern, and Southeast Africa was populated by Pygmy foragers, Khoisan-speaking hunter-gatherers, Nilo-Saharan-speaking herders, and Cushitic-speaking pastoralists. Archaeological, linguistic, genetic, and environmental evidence all support the conclusion that the Bantu expansion was a significant human migration. The Bantu Expansion is unique among ancient dispersals of peoples and languages due to its combination of high amplitude, rapid pace, and adaptation to multiple ecozones ().The spread of Bantu-speaking people from a homeland region on the border between Nigeria and Cameroon toward eastern and southern Africa starting ~4000 years ago had a momentous impact on the continent's linguistic . Even to date, records are patchy and inconsistent, and much of what is known is through anecdotal reporting and oral history. cit. It was only by the spurious acquisition and manipulation of treaties with native kings and rulers that most European powers took the title of Africa. of the Congo rainforest at its periphery, for instance along the coasts of South Cameroon, Gabon, and Congo (11, 16, 19).A second event at 2,500 B.P. For more than a century, historians have supported the idea of a 'Bantu Expansion' that, starting in West Africa several millennia ago, spread across the southern half of the continent. Until the 1980s, International academic interest in the issue was limited by Soviet censorship, so at the time that it was occurring, very few people were aware of it. Our Bantu speaking ancestors also . It reminds me of the whole claim that "slavery was practiced by Africans before the transatlantic slave trade", etc. Population collapse in Congo rainforest from 400 CE urges - Science There are no noticeable differences between the two communities as they both use the same Bantu languages together with French, and mainly observe Christianity. These were, and are the Bantu and the Koi-koi, or Khoisan. You do not currently have access to this chapter. Because he's literate And using reason to research DNA and other recorded information. If one was to point the finger at the former Soviet Union for acts of genocide, then one would be able to point in many different directions. The question is rather whether Muslim nationalists were to blame for demanding a two-state solution, whether Hindu nationalists were to blame for allowing it, or whether the British were to blame for leaving India knowing that genocide was inevitable. Professor of international law at the University of Illinois College of Law, Francis A. Boyle, argues that these actions, according to sections (a), (b), and (c) of Article 2 of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, constitute genocide. The root of the verb tends to remain unchanged, with either particles or auxiliary verbs expressing tenses and moods. If one was to point the finger at the former Soviet Union for acts of genocide, then one would be able to point in many different directions. WWII, however, reconfigured the imperial landscape, and by then, India was demanding independence, and the British were more than willing to give it to them. No its not and its a common talking point of settlers in south africa to "legitimize" their presence in south africa, im nkt a professional historian so youd best ask real historians at r/history or r/askhistorians. affected amongst others the western part of the Congo . Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of - PNAS The Allies, as a tactic of war, exploited traditional tensions within Ottoman territories to weaken the Empire. The Cambodian Genocide was ideological, but it was also random and inexplicable, and in the end, its ideological basis dissolved in undiluted murder. In its simplest terms, the Herero, a Bantu people, in one of many internecine conflicts, required German protection and did not get it. Some argue that the famine came about as an unintended consequence of the Soviet Unions rapid, perhaps too rapid industrialization, while others claim that it was a deliberate attack against Ukrainian nationalism, and as such, a textbook case of genocide. In the East, Bantu-speakers settled around the Great Lakes region and created a new population centre supported by a resource-rich environment. These states became the hubs of the continent, forming strong militaries, economic ties with local and international traders, and complex political structures. Another legendary state derivative of the Bantu Expansion is the Zulu Empire. Herding practices reached the far south several centuries before Bantu-speaking migrants did. The dissolute prince of a minor tribe, playing fast and loose, raped and impregnated the daughter of a neighboring tribal chieftain. A personal account can be used to get email alerts, save searches, purchase content, and activate subscriptions. The origin or homeland of this process is generally believed to be near the border of Nigeria and Cameroon. 32 Photographs of Porajmos, the World War II Romani Gypsy Genocide, Heartbreaking Images of the Rwandan Genocide, Most Blood-Soaked African Battles and Conflicts. 2002). They believed that the expansion was caused by the development of agriculture, the making of ceramics, and the use of iron, which permitted new ecological zones to be exploited. Some 6.5 million of those were Muslims migrating from India to Pakistan, and 4.7 million Hindus and Sikhs from Pakistan to India. WWII, however, reconfigured the imperial landscape, and by then, India was demanding independence, and the British were more than willing to give it to them. We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. 18091. That's a bold claim. https://investigativegenetics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/2041-2223-1-6, https://investigativegenetics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/2041-2223-1-6/tables/3. These two widely held beliefs are critically assessed here. The name of the country was changed in 1976 to Democratic Kampuchea, and Pol Pot, or Brother Number One, declared the day of victory Year Zero as he set about building his Utopian republic. The genetic legacy of western Bantu migrations - PubMed This paper outlines four stages of the Bantu expansion: first, the initial push through the equatorial forest from the northern to the southern woodlands; second, the occupation of the southern woodland belt from coast to coast; third, the colonization of the Tanzania, Kenya and southern Somali coastline and of the northern sector of the lake region; fourth, the colonization south-wards, north-westwards and north-eastwards from this extended nucleus. On Tuesday, August 14, 1947, Pakistan was proclaimed independent from Britain, and a day later, India followed suit. But Pol Pot was not alone in perpetuating the horrors of his rule. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only. It is described as one of the most momentous events in African history. It seems likely that the expansion of the Bantu-speaking people from their core region in West Africa began around 40003500BC. Shaka, the 'Mfecane' and Africa's first recorded genocide The Banyamulenge people settled there throughout history - before and during colonial rule and during Hutu rule in Rwanda. This implied that all colonization was by invitation, which was, of course, hardly the case. Simon Webb's take on anything to do with African histories and cultures is mostly bunk. Personal communication from Mr Fagg. Language Dispersal, Diversification, and Contact, Patterns of diversification and contact: Re-examining dispersal hypotheses, Sociolinguistic typology and the uniformitarian hypothesis, Geographical axis effects in large-scale linguistic distributions, Patterns of dispersal and diversification in Island Southeast Asia and Oceania, Time, diversification, and dispersal on the Australian continent: Three enigmas of linguistic prehistory, Language diversity, geomorphological change, and population movements in the Sepik-Ramu basin of Papua New Guinea, The dynamics of human expansion and cultural diversification in Southeast Asia and Oceania during the Neolithic: An archeological perspective, The role of contact and language shift in the spread of Austronesian languages across Island Southeast Asia, Patterns of dispersal and diversification in Africa, Language diversification and contact in Africa, The Bantu Expansion: Some facts and fiction, Pots do not speak Bantu, but their producers did, Bantu languages spread through human migration, Language isolates and the spread of pastoralism in East Africa, Patterns of dispersal and diversification in South America, Amazonian linguistic diversity and its sociocultural correlates, Cultural phylogenetics in lowland South America, 'The Bantu Expansion: Some facts and fiction', in Mily Crevels, and Pieter Muysken (eds), Archaeological Methodology and Techniques, Browse content in Language Teaching and Learning, Literary Studies (African American Literature), Literary Studies (Fiction, Novelists, and Prose Writers), Literary Studies (Postcolonial Literature), Musical Structures, Styles, and Techniques, Popular Beliefs and Controversial Knowledge, Browse content in Company and Commercial Law, Browse content in Constitutional and Administrative Law, Private International Law and Conflict of Laws, Browse content in Legal System and Practice, Browse content in Allied Health Professions, Browse content in Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Clinical Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics, Browse content in Public Health and Epidemiology, Browse content in Science and Mathematics, Study and Communication Skills in Life Sciences, Study and Communication Skills in Chemistry, Browse content in Earth Sciences and Geography, Browse content in Engineering and Technology, Civil Engineering, Surveying, and Building, Environmental Science, Engineering, and Technology, Conservation of the Environment (Environmental Science), Environmentalist and Conservationist Organizations (Environmental Science), Environmentalist Thought and Ideology (Environmental Science), Management of Land and Natural Resources (Environmental Science), Natural Disasters (Environmental Science), Pollution and Threats to the Environment (Environmental Science), Social Impact of Environmental Issues (Environmental Science), Neuroendocrinology and Autonomic Nervous System, Psychology of Human-Technology Interaction, Psychology Professional Development and Training, Browse content in Business and Management, Information and Communication Technologies, Browse content in Criminology and Criminal Justice, International and Comparative Criminology, Agricultural, Environmental, and Natural Resource Economics, Teaching of Specific Groups and Special Educational Needs, Conservation of the Environment (Social Science), Environmentalist Thought and Ideology (Social Science), Pollution and Threats to the Environment (Social Science), Social Impact of Environmental Issues (Social Science), Browse content in Interdisciplinary Studies, Museums, Libraries, and Information Sciences, Browse content in Regional and Area Studies, Browse content in Research and Information, Developmental and Physical Disabilities Social Work, Human Behaviour and the Social Environment, International and Global Issues in Social Work, Social Work Research and Evidence-based Practice, Social Stratification, Inequality, and Mobility, https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198723813.001.0001, https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198723813.003.0013. It must be remembered that the rise of Nazi Germany can be attributed to the terms of the peace imposed on imperial Germany in the aftermath of WWI. At the same time, all and any aid was prevented from entering Ukraine, which virtually ensured famine, at least on some level. Their spread was occasioned by a phenomenon known as the Bantu Migration, or Bantu Expansion, which began in the first millennium and concluded towards the end of the 18th century. Bearing in mind, however, the likely ramifications of a civil war between Hindus and Muslims in India, it seemed, in the end, the only viable solution. At the time, the attention of the world tended to be focused on the events of WWI. No such policy was implemented in 1845, and as such, the famine has been described as artificial, and attributable to a deliberate policy of punishing a stubborn and difficult constituent territory of the Kingdom. Remaining in Africa, we now shift our attention to an episode of colonial genocide that deeply scarred the legacy of the German colonization of Africa. The expansion reached South Africa, probably as early as AD 300.[7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. How much did the Khoisan population shrink during the Bantu expansion Bambuti, also called Mbuti, a group of Pygmies of the Ituri Forest of eastern Congo (Kinshasa). [15] The 60,000-km2 Mambilla region straddling the borderlands here has been identified as containing remnants of "the Bantu who stayed home" as the bulk of Bantu-speakers moved away from the region. Needless to say, not all Germans subscribed to his vision, but enough did to render it practical, and, as the old saying goes: Bad things happen when good people do nothing. India and Pakistan would be separated, with what is today Bangladesh part of mainland Pakistan. Typical grifter contradictions. hasContentIssue true, Copyright Cambridge University Press 1966.