Srivijayan bronze torso statue of Boddhisattva Padmapani (Avalokiteshvara), eighth century CE (Chaiya, Surat Thani, Southern Thailand). After sojourning for about two years in China, the envoy learned that his country had been attacked by She-po (Java) which made him unable to return home. [58][61][62][63] Even today the Chola rule is remembered in Malaysia as many Malaysian princes have names ending with Cholan or Chulan, one such was the Raja of Perak called Raja Chulan. [115], Remnants of Buddhist shrines (stupas) near Palembang and in neighboring areas aid researchers in their understanding of the Buddhism within this society. This would mean that Samaratungga was the successor of Samaragrawira. Findings at certain major excavation sites, such as Geding Suro, Penyaringan Air Bersih, Sarang Wati, and Bukit Seguntang, conducted in the region played major roles in the negative evidence of the 1st-millennium kingdom in the same region. A large portion of this empire is what is now known as Indonesia. Initially, Srivijaya's amorphous statehood dominated a confederation of semi autonomous port cities in the region, through nurturing alliances and gaining fealty among these polities. However, a survey of the available information shows that such an assumption is incorrect. In 2021 numbers of treasures were surfaced from shallows and riverbed by local fishermen that turns to be treasure divers. The Shailendra Kingdom of Java - ThoughtCo [3] In 2013, archaeological research led by the University of Indonesia discovered several religious and habitation sites at the Muaro Jambi Temple Compounds, suggesting that the initial centre of Srivijaya was located in Muaro Jambi Regency, Jambi on the Batang Hari River, rather than on the originally-proposed Musi River. According to the styles of Shiva and Agastya statues found in Bumiayu temple 1, those Hindu statues are dated from around the 9th to 10th-century. Direct link to Ruhi Kokje's post who was the ruler in the , Posted 3 years ago. [54]:100. Since the 7th century, the Old Malay language has been used in Nusantara (Malay for "Malay Archipelago"), marked by these Srivijayan inscriptions and other inscriptions using old Malay language in the coastal areas of the archipelago, such as those discovered in Java. Before answering the question, read the following excerpt. He reigned as ruler from 792 to 835. sofia the first: forever royal part 2; chef saul montiel recipes. For example, Songshi and Wenxian Tongkao note that between 990 and 991, a Srivijayan envoy was unable to return from South China to Palembang because of the ongoing military conflict between Java and Srivijaya. [5] However, the true nature of Srivijaya naval development and maritime hegemony is still a subject of studies and disagreements among historians. Society was headed by a king, followed by nobles, aristocrats, merchants, workers, artisans, and slaves. [18] There had been no continuous knowledge of the history of Srivijaya even in Indonesia and Maritime Southeast Asia; its forgotten past has been resurrected by foreign scholars. In the second half of the eighth century, the capital of Srivijayan Mandala seems to be relocated and reestablished in Central Java, in the splendid court of the Mataram Kingdom located somewhere in fertile Kedu and Kewu Plain, in the same location of the majestic Borobudur, Manjusrigrha and Prambanan monuments. srivijaya empire interactions with the environmentsrivijaya empire interactions with the environmentsrivijaya empire interactions with the environment Focus on cultural interactions: Srivijaya Empire - Khan Academy According to historian Paul Michel Munoz, the Javanese Sanjaya dynasty was a strong rival of Srivijaya in the 8th century when the Srivijayan capital was located in Java. [4]:198 The strongest of these Malay kingdoms was Jambi, which captured the Srivijaya capital in 1088, then the Dharmasraya kingdom, and the Temasek kingdom of Singapore, and then remaining territories. [104], Textual record of Srivijayan vessels is very lacking, as Old Malay texts rarely mentioned watercraft. The different styles of bangles and beads represent the different regions of origin and their own specific materials and techniques used. [97][98], The inability of the Malacca Straits states to respond to maritime threats became very clear in the early 11th century. The areas upstream of the Musi River were rich in various commodities valuable to Chinese traders. [4]:92 Unlike his predecessor, the expansive and warlike Dharanindra, Samaragrawira seems to have been a pacifist, enjoying the peaceful prosperity of interior Java in the Kedu Plain and being more interested in completing the Borobudur project. It was involved in close interactions, often rivalries, with the neighbouring Mataram, Khmer and Champa. voor taal-, land- en volkenkunde, Den Haag 1975. srivijaya empire interactions with the environment. This decision was later proven to be a mistake, as Jayavarman II revolted, moved his capital further inland north from Tonle Sap to Mahendraparvata, severing the link to Srivijaya and proclaimed Khmer independence from Java in 802. Electrical Parts Despite the naval confrontation between Java and Srivijaya, communication between the coastal governments of the Indian Ocean and China continued during this time, suggesting that the conflict did not always occur on the high seas, but was more likely to be confined to the estuaries and rivers around the Srivijayan capital of Palembang, the mouth of the Musi River and the Bangka Straits.[96]. In the 5th century AD, the Chinese monk Faxian visited the region. [141], Malayu conquest, Central Java conquest[4]:8283, Embassies to Caliph Muawiyah I and Caliph Umar bin Abdul Aziz, Javanese King Dharmawangsa attack of Srivijaya, building of temple for Chinese Emperor, Tanjore Inscription or Leiden Inscription (1044), building of temple at Nagapattinam with revenue from Rajaraja Chola I, Chola Inscription on the temple of Rajaraja, Tanjore, Building of Tien Ching temple, Kuang Cho (Kanton) for Chinese Emperor, This article is about a historical empire. Old Malay is an Indonesian language from the Austronesian family. the persons onboard the merchant ships have to be killed). Between 1017 and 1025, the Cholas raided the main Malay ports in the Strait and the Gulf of Siam, including Kedah, Malay (Jambi), Lambri, Sriwijaya and Langkasuka, looted the Kedah treasury and captured Srivijayan rulers, a further indication of the incompetence of the Malacca Straits states to defend itself from naval attacks. Rajendra Chola's naval strike was a geostrategic manoeuvre. Yijing and other monks of his time practiced a pure version of Buddhism although the religion allowed for cultural changes to be made. In Java, Dharanindra's successor was Samaragrawira (r. 800819), mentioned in the Nalanda inscription (dated 860) as the father of Balaputradewa, and the son of ailendravamsatilaka (the jewel of the ailendra family) with the stylised name being rviravairimathana (the slayer of a heroic enemy), which refers to Dharanindra. [91][92] They were also said to be in possession of vast treasures of gold and silver. [3] The study also compares the environs, geographical location, and the economic wealth of both cities; arguing that Jambi, located on the mouth of Batang Hari river basin with its connection to Minangkabau hinterland was the centre of gold trade in the area, that described as the fabulous wealth of Srivijaya. This unique period is known as the Srivijayan episode in Central Java, when the monarch of Sailendras rose to become the Maharaja of Srivijaya. In G. Wade & L. Tana (Eds. [22] While some of these names are strongly reminiscent of the name of Java, there is a distinct possibility that they may have referred to Sumatra instead. [70] These expeditions were led by Kulottunga to help the Sailendra king who had sought the help of Virarajendra Chola. The social structure of the Srivijaya Empire was rigid. Palembang and its relevance to the early Malay state suffered a great deal of controversy in terms of its evidence build-up through the archaeological record. Control of the Malacca and Sunda Straits meant it controlled both the spice route traffic as well as local trade, charging a toll on passing ships. However, some scholars believe that Chaiya probably comes from Srivijaya. Also known as a thalassocracy, this form of government made perfect sense for a people located at the linch-pin point of the great Indian Ocean maritime trade.Java is midway between the silks, tea, and porcelains of China, to the east, and the spices, gold . [108][82] Volume 1:Papers on Asian History, Religion, Languages, Literature, Music Folkfore and Anthropology" Artibus Asiae Publishers. [29] By 1993, Pierre-Yves Manguin had shown that the centre of Srivijaya was along the Musi River between Bukit Seguntang and Sabokingking (situated in what is now Palembang, South Sumatra, Indonesia). However . are not afraid of dying). Establishing a standard means of communication made business transactions more efficient. [52] According to Cds, "In the second half of the ninth century Java and Sumatra were united under the rule of a Sailendra reigning in Java its center at Palembang. In 999 the Srivijayan envoy sailed from China to Champa in an attempt to return home, however, he received no news about the condition of his country. The Srivijaya Empire: trade and culture in the Indian Ocean. After Dharmasetu, Samaratungga became the next Maharaja of Srivijaya. Due to its location, the Srivijaya developed complex technology utilizing maritime resources. Its main focus was the relationship of political, economic and geographical systems. By the end of the 12th century Srivijaya had been reduced to a small kingdom, and its dominant role in Sumatra had been taken by Malayu (based in Jambi), a vassal of Java. [16], The Sundanese manuscript of Carita Parahyangan, composed around the late 16th century in West Java, vaguely mentioned about the name "Sang Sri Wijaya". By then, Malay language become lingua franca and was spoken widely by most people in the archipelago.[109][110][82]. With the passing of time, the regional trading center shifted from the old Srivijayan capital of Palembang to another trade centre on the island of Sumatra, Jambi, which was the centre of Malayu. Also, regional accounts that some might be preserved and retold as tales and legends, such as the Legend of the Maharaja of Javaka and the Khmer King also provide a glimpse of the kingdom. [91][92] The reference to the kings of Al-Hind might have also included the kings of Southeast Asia; Sumatra, Java, Burma and Cambodia. Around the year 500, the roots of the Srivijayan empire began to develop around present-day Palembang, Sumatra. A Tang dynasty Chinese monk, Yijing, wrote that he visited Srivijaya in year 671 for six months. Serving as Southeast Asia's main entrept and gaining trade patronage by the Chinese court, Srivijaya was constantly managing its trade networks and, yet, always wary of potential rival ports of its neighbouring kingdoms. She was born in Kashmir, India but is Hindu. Arab accounts state that the empire of the Srivijayan Maharaja was so vast that the swiftest vessel would not have been able to travel around all its islands within two years. [6] According to Cds, at the end of the 13th century, the empire "had ceased to exist caused by the simultaneous pressure on its two flanks of Siam and Java. How was Sriwijaya Empire related to this Philippines' Exotic Islands If merchant ships cross [the vicinity] and do not enter [i.e. It's unlikely that China clashed with the Srivijaya when it was dying, because it was a sort of mecca for Buddhism. [129][130] This eventually led to the Chola Empire coming into conflict with the Srivijaya Empire. In the first half of the 10th century, between the fall of Tang Dynasty and the rise of Song, there was brisk trading between the overseas world with the Fujian kingdom of Min and the rich Guangdong kingdom of Nan Han. He appointed the Khmer Prince Jayavarman II as governor of Indrapura in the Mekong delta under Sailendran rule. Balaputra the Maharaja of Srivijaya later stated his claim as the rightful heir of the Sailendra dynasty from Java, as proclaimed in the Nalanda inscription dated 860. Cultural Interactions Along Trade Routes Flashcards | Quizlet Image Credit: Old Malay was the language of business and trade in the Srivijaya Empire. However, unlike other contemporary empires, the Hindu-Buddhist empire of Srivijaya did not have clearly defined territories, many cities or big armies. draw) it by hand. Did the Srivijaya Empire have any labor systems? Srivijaya Army. [5], Little physical evidence of Srivijaya remains. 11.6K subscribers The hottest new trading Empire on the block is the Srivijaya Empire. [4]:92 However, later historians such as Slamet Muljana equate Samaratungga with Rakai Garung, mentioned in the Mantyasih inscription as the fifth monarch of the Mataram kingdom. According to various historical sources, a complex and cosmopolitan society with a refined culture, deeply influenced by Vajrayana Buddhism, flourished in the Srivijayan capital. For example, an inscription detailing a speech from a park dedication in 684 CE depicts a Srivijayan king, Sri Jayanasa, as a. Srivijayan bronze torso statue of Boddhisattva Padmapani (Avalokiteshvara), eighth century CE (Chaiya, Surat Thani, Southern Thailand). The Srivijaya Empire traded extensively with India and China, incorporating Buddhist and Chinese political practices into their traditions. [88] When trying to prove this theory, there have been some discrepancies with the dating of said artifacts. In Indonesia, Srivijaya is a street name in many cities and has become synonymous with Palembang and South Sumatra. Inst. Rice, cotton, indigo and silver from Java; aloes, resin, camphor, ivory and rhino's tusks, tin and gold from Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula; rattan, rare timber, camphor, gems and precious stones from Borneo; exotic birds and rare animals, iron, sappan, sandalwood, and rare spices including clove and nutmeg from the Eastern Indonesian archipelago; various spices of Southeast Asia and India including pepper, cubeb and cinnamon; also Chinese ceramics, lacquerware, brocade, fabrics, silks, and Chinese artworks are among valuable commodities being traded in Srivijayan ports. The fact that Hindu temple was discovered within the area of Srivijayan Buddhist empire suggests that the kingdom's population adheres to both Hinduism and Buddhism that coexist quite harmoniously. [4]:8283 It is likely that the Seguntang Hill site was the location of the rksetra garden. PDF Srivijaya Empire - ecashdhs.weebly.com It was noted that the region contained no locatable settlements earlier than the middle of the second millennium. In order to participate in this trade agreement, Srivijaya was involved in a tributary relation with China, in which they sent several numbers of envoys and embassies to secure the Chinese court's favour. Due to their reproductive roles they had higher ritual powers than men and the birth of a daughter was never questioned. The Khmer Empire might also have been a tributary state in its early stages. He had embarked on a sacred siddhayatra[41] journey and led 20,000 troops and 312 people in boats with 1,312 foot soldiers from Minanga Tamwan to Jambi and Palembang. After the bronze and Iron Age, an influx of bronze tools and jewelry spread throughout the region. In response to the change in the maritime Asian economy, and threatened by the loss of its dependencies, Srivijaya developed a naval strategy to delay its decline. For the Indonesian airline named after the empire, see, The maximum extent of Srivijaya around the 8th to the 11th century with a series of Srivijayan expeditions and conquest, Dapunta Hyang's expedition and expansion (, A 2.77 metres tall statue of Buddha in Amaravati style, from, Het sultanaat Palembang 1811 1825, M.O. srivijaya empire interactions with the environment Map of trade routes and extent of Chola influence. srivijaya empire interactions with the environment. According to Yijing, within Palembang there were more than 1000 monks studying for themselves and training traveling scholars who were going from India to China and vice versa. KNOW: Vijayanagara Empire, Srivijaya Empire, Rajput kingdoms, Khmer Empire, Majapahit, Sukhothai kingdom, Sinhala dynasties. The political relations and system relating to its realms is described as a mandala model, typical of that of classical Southeast Asian Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms. Cultural Interactions Along Trade Routes. Interactions among different peoples along trade routes led to, What might this empire have looked like? PDF Name: Ap World History: Modern Review Guide Lastly, habitations must be impermanent, being highly probable in the region Palembang and of southern Southeast Asia. The Srivijaya Empire Map of Srivijaya Empire. The general political and economic pattern of the region seems irrelevant to other parts of the world of their time, but in correlation with their maritime trade network, it produced high levels of socio-economic complexity. [27], Due to the contradicting pattern found in southern regions, like Palembang, in 1977 Bennet Bronson developed a speculative model for a better understanding of coastal-oriented states in Insular Southeast Asia, such as insular and peninsular Malaysia, the Philippines, and western Indonesia. PDF Ways of the World AMSCO Srivijaya Empire Khmer Empire Rajput Kingdoms By the 12th to 13th-century it seems that the faith in Bumiayu was shifted from Hinduism to Tantric Buddhism. "[4]:204,243. [citation needed], The main interest of Srivijayan foreign economic relations was to secure a highly lucrative trade agreement to serve a large Chinese market, that span from the Tang dynasty to the Song dynasty era. This temple compound was probably built by a Kedatuan (settlement or principality) that belongs within Srivijayan mandala (sphere of influence). The new maharaja was able to dispatch a tributary mission to China by 902. Srivijaya's "tribute" consisted of pepper, resins, rattans, ivory, plumes, birds' nests, turtles, sea cucumber, and mother-of-pearl; "gifts" from China's emperors to Srivijaya were industrial dyes, iron, ceramics, and silk. The manuscript describes princely hero that rose to be a king named Sanjaya that after he secured his rule in Java was involved in battle with the Malayu and Keling against their king Sang Sri Wijaya. The statue demonstrates the Central Java art influence. Many of this armed forces gathered under the Srivijayan rule would have been the sea people, referred to generally as the orang laut. The Javanese invasion was ultimately unsuccessful. Influenced by the Javanese culture of the Sailendran-Srivijayan mandala (and likely eager to emulate the Javanese model in his court), he proclaimed Cambodian independence from Java and ruled as devaraja, establishing Khmer empire and starting the Angkor era. Describe how Lal Ded, known as other Layla, illustrates a major cross-interaction between religions traditions that shaped the history of South and Southern Asia. This is based on the discovery of Bumiayu temple ruin, a red brick Shivaist Hindu temple compound built and used between the 8th to 13th century CE. Click the . In 1905 Prince Damrong Rajanubhab removed the statue from Wat Wiang, Chaiya, Surat Thani to Bangkok National Museum, Thailand. It mentions that Dapunta Hyang Sri Jayanasa came from Minanga Tamwan. India - The Vijayanagar empire, 1336-1646 | Britannica The Vijayanagar empire, 1336-1646 Founded in 1336 in the wake of the rebellions against Tughluq rule in the Deccan, the Hindu Vijayanagar empire lasted for more than two centuries as the dominant power in south India. The top of the stone is adorned with seven nga heads, and on the lower portion there is a type of water spout to channel liquid that was likely poured over the stone during a ritual. This possibly occurred in the 680s. [79] The 1286 inscription states that under the order of king Kertanegara of Singhasari, a statue of Amoghapasa Lokeshvara was transported from Bhumijawa (Java) to Suvarnabhumi (Sumatra) to be erected at Dharmasraya. Data on maritime activity are scanty and mention of the navy occurs only in incomplete sources. Expert suggests that the ancient Palembang settlement was formed as a collection of floating houses made from thatched materials, such as wood, bamboo and straw roof. Quick Facts The Srivijaya Empire controlled modern-day Indonesia and much of the Malay Archipelago from the seventh to twelfth centuries. However, between the 9th and the 12th centuries, the influence of Srivijaya seems to have extended far beyond the core. China did trade with the Srivijaya empire; in fact, these traders wrote accounts of their voyages to and from the Srivijaya empire. If you're behind a web filter, please make sure that the domains *.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org are unblocked. Srivijaya' own historical documents, inscriptions in Old Malay, are limited to the second half of the 7th century. [114] The difference in material, yet overarching theme of Buddhism found across the region supports the spread of Buddhism through trade. [112] In Malay Peninsula the bronze statue of Avalokiteshvara of Bidor discovered in Perak Malaysia,[113] and Avalokiteshvara of Chaiya in Southern Thailand. Direct link to George Estep's post China did trade with the , Posted 2 years ago. More than one thousand Buddhist monks lived in the city, and Buddhist travelers were welcomed there to study Buddhist texts. [citation needed], The 7th century Telaga Batu inscription, discovered in Sabokingking, Palembang, testifies to the complexity and stratified titles of the Srivijayan state officials. bill bixby funeral. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Srivijaya Empire Culture. APWH, Unit 1.3, Developments in South and Southeast Asia - Quizlet Srivijaya continued to grow; by the year 1000 it controlled most of Java, but it soon lost it to Chola, an Indian maritime and commercial kingdom that found Srivijaya to be an obstacle on the sea route between South and East Asia. Srivijaya Research Paper - EssayEmpire This is another reason why the discovery of Srivijaya was so difficult. Unlike the expansionist Dharmasetu, Samaratungga did not indulge in military expansion but preferred to strengthen the Srivijayan hold of Java. Foreign traders stopped to trade their cargo in Srivijaya with other merchants from Southeast Asia and beyond. According to Tan Yeok Song, the editor of the Sri Vijayan inscription of Canton, Kulottunga stayed in Kadaram (Kedah) after the naval expedition of 1067 AD and reinstalled its king before returning to South India and ascending the throne. [4]:109 The relation between Srivijaya and the Chola dynasty of southern India was initially friendly during the reign of Raja Raja Chola I. However, these troves are immediately lost for the historical knowledge, since local treasure hunters immediately has sold them to international antiquities dealers before archaeologists can properly study them. It also notes that their favourite pastimes were cockfighting and pig fighting. Being that historical evidence places the capital in Palembang, and in junction of three rivers, the Musi River, the Komering River, and the Ogan River, such model can be applied. Hence, this state (Srivijaya) is a great shipping centre. It is highly possible that these Buddhist sites served as sangha community; the monastic Buddhist learning centers of the region, which attracts students and scholars from all over Asia. Samara's name was mentioned by Mahinda VI of Polonnaruwa in the Madigiriya inscription and Bolanda inscription. On the other hand, no comparable temple or building structure ever discovered in Palembang. Nilakanta Sastri suggests that the attacks were probably caused by Srivijaya's attempts to throw obstacles in the way of the Chola trade with the East or, more probably, a simple desire on the part of Rajendra Chola to extend his military victories to the well known countries to gain prestige. [122] The Bumiayu temple site is located by the banks of Lematang River, a tributary of Musi River. Excavations showed failed signs of a complex urban center under the lens of a sinocentric model, leading to parameters of a new proposed model. Another theory suggests that Dapunta Hyang came from the east coast of the Malay Peninsula, and that the Chaiya District in Surat Thani Province, Thailand, was the centre of Srivijaya. 1 / 8. Prince Balaputra, however, opposed the rule of Pikatan and Pramodhawardhani in Central Java. It may be that cargo sourced from foreign regions accumulated in Srivijaya. The Srivijaya Empire traded extensively with India and China, incorporating Buddhist and Chinese political practices into their traditions. Ahmad Rapanie, Cahyo Sulistianingsih, Ribuan Nata, "Kerajaan Sriwijaya, Beberapa Situs dan Temuannya", Museum Negeri Sumatera Selatan, Dinas Pendidikan Provinsi Sumatera Selatan. In 992 the envoy from She-po (Java) arrived in the Chinese court and explaining that their country was involved in continuous war with San-fo-qi (Srivijaya). Direct link to nschmidt22's post Are there any other ideol, Posted a year ago. This has promoted the status of local languages vis-a-vis to Sanskrit; as the language of elite, employed in royal and religious edicts. The Buddhist temples dated from Srivijayan era in Sumatra are Muaro Jambi, Muara Takus and Biaro Bahal. Soekmono, on the other hand, argues that Palembang was not the capital of Srivijaya and suggests that the Kampar River system in Riau where the Muara Takus temple is located as Minanga Tamwan.[25]. [83] Other sources claim that the Champa invasion had weakened the central government significantly, forcing vassals to keep the international trade revenue for themselves. During the medieval era (400-1450 CE), trade flourished in the Indian Ocean basin. A majority of the revenue from international trade was used to finance the military which was charged with the responsibility of protecting the ports. The relationship between Srivijayan in Sumatra (descendants of Dapunta Hyang Sri Jayanasa) and Sailendras in Java exemplified this political dynamic. Its influence waned in the 11th century. The large number of ground troops shows that the Sriwijaya navy only acts as a minor provider of logistical support. srivijaya empire interactions with the environment The relations between Balaputra and Pramodhawardhani are interpreted differently by some historians. Main Menu. Srivijayas power was based on its control of international sea trade. What goods were actually native to Srivijaya is currently being disputed due to the volume of cargo that regularly passed through the region from India, China, and Arabia. The 13th century Chinese account confirmed this; in his Zhu Fan Zhi, Zhao Rukuo mentioned, "The residents of Sanfo-tsi (Srivijaya) live scattered outside the city on the water, within rafts lined with reeds." In 1905 Prince Damrong Rajanubhab removed the statue from Wat Wiang, Chaiya, Surat Thani to Bangkok National Museum, Thailand. [94], In the Kedukan Bukit inscription (683 AD), it is recorded that only 312 people used boats out of a total force of 20,000 people, which also included 1312 land soldiers. Thus, the seat of the empire moved to Muaro Jambi in the last centuries of the kingdom existence. Direct link to 237726's post did the chinese have any , Posted 5 years ago. Srivijaya helped spread the Malay culture throughout Sumatra, the Malay Peninsula, and western Borneo. The Palembang theory as the place where Srivijaya was first established was presented by Cdes and supported by Pierre-Yves Manguin. Therefore, neighboring countries are aligned with it. [39] The city of Chaiya's name may be derived from the Malay name "Cahaya" which means "light" or "radiance". Srivijaya's response to Javanese aggression appeared to be defensive. Talang Tuwo serves as one of the world's oldest inscriptions that talks about the environment, highlighting the centrality of nature in Buddhist religion and further, Srivijayan society. [10] Between the late 7th and early 11th century, Srivijaya rose to become a hegemon in Southeast Asia. Interactions with the environment- Buddhism introduced to Srivijaya resulted in stupas and pagodas to be constructed.